Synthesis method for polymers by controlled radical polymerisation with xanthates

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns a method for preparing polymers, characterised in that it consists in contacting at least an  
                 
 
     ethylenically unsaturated polymer, at least a source of free radicals, and at least a compound of general formula (IA) wherein R2 represents a group of formula (I); R3 being advantageously an electron-attracting group.

[0001] The present invention relates to a novel method for “controlled” or “live” radical polymerisation leading to polymers, especially block copolymers.

[0002] Block polymers are normally prepared by ionic polymerisation. That type of polymerisation has the disadvantage of permitting the polymerisation of only specific types of non-polar monomer, especially styrene and butadiene, and of requiring a particularly pure reaction medium and temperatures often lower than the ambient temperature in order to minimise parasitic reactions, thus giving rise to major implementation constraints.

[0003] Radical polymerisation has the advantage of being easy to implement without respecting excessive conditions of purity and at temperatures equal to or higher than the ambient temperature. However, until recently, there was no radical polymerisation method enabling block polymers to be obtained.

[0004] Since then, a novel radical polymerisation method has been developed: the method involved is so-called “controlled” or “live” radical polymerisation. Radical polymerisation proceeds by growth by propagation of macro-radicals. Those macro-radicals, which have a very short life, recombine irreversibly by coupling or dismutation. When polymerisation takes place in the presence of several comonomers, the variation in the composition of the mixture is extremely slight considering the life of the macro-radical, so that the chains have a random chain formation from the monomer units and not a block chain formation.

[0005] Recently, techniques for controlled radical polymerisation have been developed in which the ends of polymer chains can be reactivated into the form of a radical by homolytic bond cleavage (for example C—O, or C—Halogen).

[0006] Controlled radical polymerisation therefore has the following distinctive aspects:

[0007] 1. The number of chains is fixed throughout the duration of the reaction,

[0008] 2. The chains all grow at the same rate, which translates into:

[0009] a linear increase in the molar masses with the conversion,

[0010] a narrow mass distribution,

[0011] 3. The average molar mass is controlled by the molar ratio of the monomer to the chain precursor,

[0012] 4. The possibility of preparing block copolymers.

[0013] The controlled character is all the more marked because the rate of reactivation of the chains into radical form is very high considering the rate of growth of the chains (propagation). There are cases in which this is not always true (i.e. the rate of reactivation of the chains into radical form is higher than or equal to the rate of propagation) and conditions 1 and 2 are not observed. Nevertheless, it is still possible to prepare block copolymers.

[0014] WO 98/58974 describes a live radical polymerisation method enabling block copolymers to be obtained by a method without UV irradiation, by using xanthate compounds, the properties of which are:

[0015] That radical polymerisation enables block polymers to be prepared in the absence of a UV source, using any type of monomer. The polymers obtained do not contain metallic impurities which would militate against their use. They are functionalised at the end of the chain and have a low index of polydispersion of less than 2 and even less than 1.5.

[0016] One object of the present invention is to propose a novel polymerisation method using novel precursors of the xanthate type.

[0017] Another object is to propose a polymerisation method using precursors of the xanthate type, in the course of which the number-average molar masses M_(n) of the polymers obtained are well controlled, that is to say, close to the theoretical values M_(n th), this being throughout the polymerisation reaction.

[0018] Another object is to propose a polymerisation method using precursors of the xanthate type for the synthesis of block copolymers and homopolymers having a polydispersion index (M_(w)/M_(n)) which is low, that is to say, close to 1.

[0019] The work of the inventors has resulted in a method for radical-polymerisation in which block copolymers or homopolymers can be prepared in accordance with a process having remarkable and substantially greater control than the methods known hitherto.

[0020] This method uses xanthates of a particular type which themselves constitute novel molecules.

[0021] The invention therefore relates to a method for the preparation of polymers, characterised in that there are brought into contact with one another:

[0022] at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer,

[0023] at least one source of free radicals, and

[0024] at least one compound (I) of the general formula (IA), (IB) or (IC):

[0025] in which:

[0026] R² and R^(2′), which may be identical or different, represent a group of the formula:

[0027] in which:

[0028] R³ and R⁴, which may be identical or different, are selected from a halogen group, —NO₂, —SO₃R, —NCO, CN, R, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —COOR, O₂CR, —CONR₂, —NCOR₂, C_(n)F_(2n+1) with n being 1 to 20, preferably 1,

[0029] in which the groups R, which may be identical or different, represent H or a group selected from:

[0030] alkyl,

[0031] alkenyl,

[0032] alkynyl,

[0033] cycloalkenyl,

[0034] cycloalkynyl,

[0035] aryl, optionally fused to an aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle,

[0036] alkaryl,

[0037] aralkyl,

[0038] heteroaryl,

[0039] which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from halogen, ═O, ═S, OH, alkoxy, SH, thioalkoxy, NH₂, mono- or di-alkylamino, CN, COOH, ester, amide, C_(n)F_(2n+1) (n being 1 to 20), and/or optionally interrupted by one or more atoms selected from O, S, N, P,

[0040] or a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by one or more groups such as defined above,

[0041] or R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a group ═O or ═S or a hydrocarbon ring or a heterocycle,

[0042] R⁵ and R⁶, which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R,

[0043] or R⁵ and R⁶ together form a C₂-C₄ hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by a hetero atom selected from O, S, N and P,

[0044] R¹ and R^(1′), which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R³ or R⁴,

[0045] p represents an integer from 2 to 10.

[0046] According to the invention, the term “alkyl” denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl or icosyl.

[0047] “Alkenyl” means a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms comprising one or more double bonds. Examples of particularly preferred alkenyl groups are alkenyl groups carrying a single double bond, such as —CH₂—CH₂—CH═C(CH₃) ₂, vinyl or allyl.

[0048] “Alkynyl” means a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms comprising one or more triple bonds. Examples of particularly preferred alkynyl groups are alkynyl groups carrying a single triple bond, such as —CH₂—CH₂—C≡CH.

[0049] The term “cycloalkyl” denotes saturated hydrocarbon groups which may be monocyclic or polycyclic and which comprise from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl and cyclododecyl are more particularly preferred.

[0050] According to the invention, “cycloalkenyl” means a group derived from a cycloalkyl group as defined above, having one or more double bonds, preferably one double bond.

[0051] According to the invention, “cycloalkynyl” means a group derived from a cycloalkyl group as defined above, having one or more triple bonds, preferably one triple bond.

[0052] The term “aryl” represents an aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon group comprising from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as phenyl or naphthyl.

[0053] “Alkaryl” means an aryl group as defined above, substituted by an alkyl group.

[0054] “Aralkyl” means an alkyl group as defined above, substituted by an aryl group.

[0055] “Alkoxy” means an O-alkyl group generally having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, especially methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and butoxy.

[0056] “Halogen” means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

[0057] When the alkyl group is optionally halogenated, it preferably represents perfluoroalkyl and especially pentafluoroethyl or trifluoromethyl.

[0058] The term “heteroaryl” denotes aromatic groups which are monocyclic with from 5 to 7 chain members or bicyclic with from 6 to 12 chain members and which comprise one, two or three endocyclic hetero atoms selected from O, N and S. Examples thereof are the groups furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl and triazinyl.

[0059] Preferred heteroaryls comprise 4 or 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 hetero atoms.

[0060] The term heterocyclic group denotes monocyclic or bicyclic saturated or preferably unsaturated carbon rings having from 5 to 12 chain members and 1, 2 or 3 endocyclic hetero atoms selected from O, N and S. These are generally derivatives of the heteroaryl groups described above.

[0061] Preferably, when it is unsaturated, the heterocycle comprises a single double bond. Preferred examples of unsaturated heterocycles are dihydrofuryl, dihydrothienyl, dihydropyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, oxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, pyranyl and the mono-unsaturated derivatives of piperidine, of dioxane, of piperazine, of trithiane, of morpholine, of dithiane, of thiomorpholine, and also tetrahydropyridazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl and tetrahydrotriazinyl.

[0062] When one of the above groups represents an aryl group optionally fused to an unsaturated heterocycle, the unsaturated heterocycle has from 5 to 7 chain members and preferably a single unsaturation in common with the aryl group.

[0063] The method according to the invention therefore consists in bringing into contact with one another a source of free radicals, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a compound (I) of formula (IA), IB) or (IC).

[0064] The compound (I) carries a xanthate function. According to the essential feature of the invention, the xanthate function carries a group R² or R^(2′) which is substituted by a group P(O) (OR⁵) (OR⁶) such as defined above.

[0065] Advantageously, the group R³ is an electron-attracting group.

[0066] According to a preferred variant, R² represents a group such as defined above and R³ represents an alkyl group substituted by at least one fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine atom. The preferred groups R³ are the following:

[0067] CF₃

[0068] CF₂CF₂CF₃

[0069] C₆F₁₆,

[0070] According to another preferred variant, R³ represents a group CN or NO₂.

[0071] Advantageously, R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom. The groups R⁵ and R⁶ preferably represent a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group advantageously containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0072] There may be mentioned, in particular, the groups methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl.

[0073] Those groups may be present in the various possible isomeric forms.

[0074] R⁵ and R⁶ may also represent a substituted alkyl group comprising one or more identical or different substituents. There may be mentioned, in particular, the substituting groups acyl, such as acetyl; alkoxy, such as methoxy, butoxy, phenyloxy, cyclohexyloxy; halo, especially chloro and fluoro; hydroxy; aryl, such as phenyl and naphthalenyl; aralkyl; alkenyl, especially hexenyl, cyclohexenyl and propenyl.

[0075] A particularly advantageous sub-group is constituted by alkyl groups substituted by one or more halogen atoms, preferably fluorine atoms, the group C_(n)F_((2n+1))—CH₂ (n being as defined above) being particularly preferred.

[0076] R⁵ and R⁶ may also together form a cyclic group comprising a phosphorus atom, for example a group

[0077] The most valuable results were obtained for the compound (I) when R¹ is a group selected from:

[0078] CH(CH₃)(CO₂Et)

[0079] CH(CH₃)(C₆H₅)

[0080] CH(CO₂Et)₂

[0081] C(CH₃) (CO₂Et) (S—C₆H₅)

[0082] C(CH₃)₂(C₆H₅), et

[0083] in which Et represents an ethyl group and Ph represents a phenyl group.

[0084] The groups R¹ and R^(1′) may also represent a polymer chain resulting from radical or ionic polymerisation or resulting from polycondensation. Preferred compounds of formula (IC) are those in which R^(1′) is the group —CH₂- phenyl—CH₂— or the group —CHCH₃CO₂CH₂CH₂CO₂CHCH₃—.

[0085] R²is preferably a group:

[0086] in which R³ is CF₃, CF₂CF₂CF₃, C₆F₁₃ or CN and R⁵ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, preferably ethyl.

[0087] According to the preferred form of the invention, the polymerisation method uses a compound (I) of formula (IA). The preferred compounds of formula (IA) are the following:

[0088] The compounds of formula (IA) may, in particular, be obtained by:

[0089] a) reacting a carbonyl compound of the general formula II:

[0090] R³ and R⁴ being as defined above, with a phosphite of the general formula III:

[0091] R⁵ and R⁶ being as defined above, to form a compound of the general formula IV:

[0092] R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ being as defined above,

[0093] b) reacting the compound of formula IV with carbon disulphide CS₂ in the presence of a metal alcoholate M⁺OR′³¹ to yield a xanthate of formula V:

R²O (C═S) —S⁻, M⁺  (V)

[0094] in which R² is as defined above and M represents a cation, especially an alkali metal cation;

[0095] c) reacting the compound of formula V with a compound of formula VI:

R¹X  (VI)

[0096] in which R¹ is as defined above and X represents a halogen atom, to yield the compound of formula (IA) as defined above.

[0097] The compounds of the general formula IB are obtained in the same manner starting from polyhydroxylated compounds corresponding to the alcohol of the general formula IV.

[0098] The compounds of the general formula IC are obtained in the same manner starting from the polyhalogenated analogue of the alkyl halide of the general formula VI.

[0099] The compounds of the general formula II are commercially available or can be readily prepared by the person skilled in the art using conventional procedures.

[0100] The phosphites of the general formula III can thus be prepared by reaction between an alcohol and PCl₃ in a manner known to the person skilled in the art. When the groups R⁵ and/or R⁶ have a high carbon number, it is preferable first of all to prepare phosphites having a low molecular weight, for example a diethyl phosphite, and then, by a transesterification route, to replace the ethoxy groups by alkoxy groups having a higher molecular weight.

[0101] In the case of aromatic phosphites, it is preferred first of all to prepare triphenyl phosphite and to react it with phosphorous acid to obtain diphenyl phosphite.

[0102] The following phosphites may also be prepared:

[0103] dimethyl phosphite

[0104] diethyl phosphite

[0105] dipropyl phosphite

[0106] dibutyl phosphite

[0107] dipentyl phosphite

[0108] dihexyl phosphite

[0109] diheptyl phosphite

[0110] dioctyl phosphite

[0111] dinonyl phosphite

[0112] didecyl phosphite

[0113] diundecyl phosphite

[0114] didodecyl phosphite

[0115] ditridecyl phosphite

[0116] ditetradecyl phosphite

[0117] dihexadecyl phosphite

[0118] dioctadecyl phosphite

[0119] bis[2-(acetyloxy)ethyl] phosphite

[0120] bis(4-butoxybutyl) phosphite

[0121] bis[2-(cyclohexyloxy)methylethyl] phosphite

[0122] bis(methoxymethyl) phosphite

[0123] bis[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphite

[0124] bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphite

[0125] bis(2-chloropropyl) phosphite

[0126] bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) phosphite

[0127] bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphite

[0128] bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluoroheptyl) phosphite

[0129] bis(2-fluoroethyl) phosphite

[0130] bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl) phosphite

[0131] bis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl) phosphite

[0132] bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite

[0133] 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluoroheptylmethyl phosphite

[0134] methyl 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl phosphite

[0135] methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl phosphite

[0136] diphenyl phosphite

[0137] bis(4-methylphenyl) phosphite

[0138] bis(4-nonylphenyl) phosphite

[0139] di-1-naphthalenyl phosphite

[0140] dicyclohexyl phosphite

[0141] di-2-cyclohexen-1-yl phosphite

[0142] di-2-propenyl phosphite

[0143] 2,7-dioxo(2,7-H)-1,3,6,8-tetraoxa-2,7-diphosphocyclodecane

[0144] In the same manner as indicated above, it is possible to prepare phosphites in which R⁵ and R⁶ are different, starting from the corresponding compounds of different alcohols.

[0145] According to the method of the invention, the source of free radicals is generally a radical polymerisation initiator. However, in the case of some monomers, such as styrene, thermal initiation is sufficient to generate free radicals.

[0146] In the first case, the radical polymerisation initiator may be selected from the initiators conventionally used in radical polymerisation. It may be, for example, one of the following initiators:

[0147] hydrogen peroxides, such as: t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl peroxyacetate, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, t-butyl peroxyoctoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate, lauroyl peroxide, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, potassium persulphate, ammonium persulphate,

[0148] azo compounds, such as: 2,2′-azo-bis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azo-bis(2-butyronitrile), 4,4′-azo-bis(4-pentanoic acid), 1,1′-azo-bis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2-(t-butylazo)-2-cyanopropane, 2,2′-azo-bis[2-methyl-N-(1,1)-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide, 2,2′-azo-bis(2-methyl-N-hydroxyethyl]propionamide, 2,2′-azo-bis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dichloride, 2,2′-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dichloride, 2,2′-azo-bis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramide), 2,2′-azo-bis(2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide), 2,2′-azo-bis(2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]propionamide), 2,2′-azo-bis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide], 2,2′-azo-bis(isobutyramide) dihydrate,

[0149] redox systems comprising combinations such as:

[0150] mixtures of hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxide, peresters, percarbonates and the like and of any one of the salts of iron, titanium salts, zinc formaldehydesulphoxylate or sodium formaldehydesulphoxylate, and reducing sugars,

[0151] the persulphates, perborate or perchlorate of alkali metals or of ammonium in association with an alkali metal bisulphite, such as sodium metabisulphite, and reducing sugars, 

1. (Amended) Method for the preparation of polymers comprising contacting: at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer, at least one source of free radicals, and at least one compound of the general formula (IA), (IB) or (IC):

in which: R² and R^(2′), which may be identical or different, represent a group of the formula:

in which: R³ and R⁴, which may be identical or different, are selected from a halogen group, —NO₂, —SO₃R, —NCO, CN, R, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —COOR, O₂CR, —CONR₂, —NCOR₂, C_(n)F_((2n+1))with n being from 1 to 20, in which the groups R, which may be identical or different, represent H or a group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, optionally fused to an aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle, alkaryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, OH, alkoxy, SH, thioalkoxy, NH₂, mono- or di-alkylamino, CN, COOH, ester, amide, C_(n)F_(2n+1), and/or optionally interrupted by one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and P, or a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by one or more groups such as defined above, or R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a group ═O, ═S or a hydrocarbon ring or a heterocycle, R⁵ and R⁶, which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R, or R⁵ and R⁶ together form a C₂-C₄ hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by a hetero atom selected from O, S and N, R¹ and R^(1′), which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R³ or R⁴, represents an integer from 2 to
 10. 2. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein R³ represents an electron-attracting group.
 3. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein R³ represents an alkyl group substituted by at least one fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine atom, or a cyano group.
 4. (Amended) Method according to claim 3, wherein R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom.
 5. (Amended) Method according to claim 3, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of: CF₃, CF₂CF₃, and C₆F₁₃.
 6. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: CH(CH₃)(CO₂Et) CH(CH₃)(C₆H₅) CH(CO₂Et)₂ C(CH₃)(CO₂Et)(S—C₆H₅) C(CH₃)₂(C₆H₅), and


7. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein the polymerisation uses a compound of formula (IA).
 8. (Amended) Method according to claim 7, wherein the compound of formula (IA) is:


9. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of: styrene and its derivatives, butadiene, chloroprene, (meth)acrylic esters and vinyl nitrites.
 10. (Amended) Method according to claim 1, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer is selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, vinyl Versatate® and vinyl propionate.
 11. (Amended) Polymer composition that can be obtained by the method comprising bringing into contact with one another an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a source of free radicals and a compound of formula (IA), (IB) or (IC) as defined in claim
 1. 12. (Amended) Polymer composition according to claim 11, which has a polydispersion index of at most
 2. 13. (Amended) Composition comprising predominantly a polymer of the general formula (IIIA):

in which: R¹ and R² are as defined in claim 1; V, V′, W and W′, which may be identical or different, represent H, an alkyl group or a halogen; X, X′, Y and Y′, which may be identical or different, represent H, a halogen or a group R⁷, OR⁷, O₂COR⁷, NHCOH, OH, NH₂, NHR⁷, NR₂, R₂N⁺O⁻, NHCOR⁷, CO₂H, CO₂R⁷, CN, CONH₂, in which R⁷ is selected from the groups R as defined in claim 1; a and b, which may be identical or different, are 0 or 1; m and n, which may be identical or different, are higher than or equal to 1, and when one or the other is higher than 1, the repeating units are identical or different.
 14. (Amended) Polymer composition according to claim 13, wherein the polymer of the general formula (IIIA) is a homopolymer, the repeating units being identical.
 15. (Amended) Polymer composition according to claim 13, wherein the polymer of the general formula (IIIA) is a block polymer, the repeating units being different.
 16. (Amended) Method for the preparation of a composition comprising a multi-block polymer according to claim 15, wherein the implementation of the method is repeated at least once using: monomers differing from those used in the previous implementation; and instead of the precursor compound of formula (IA), (IB) or (IC), the block polymer resulting from the previous implementation.
 17. (Amended) Block polymer according to claim 15, having at least two block polymers selected from the following associations: polystyrene/poly(methyl acrylate), polystyrene/poly(ethyl acrylate), polystyrene/poly(tert-butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate), poly(butyl acrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate), poly(tert-butyl acrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate).
 18. (Amended) Compounds of the general formulae (IA) to (IC):

in which: R² and R^(2′), which may be identical or different, represent a group of the formula:

in which: R³ and R⁴, which may be identical or different, represent a halogen group, —NO, —SO₃R, —NCO, CN, R, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —COOR, O₂CR, —CONR₂, —NCOR₂, C_(n)F_((2n+1)) with n being from 1 to 20, in which the groups R, which may be identical or different, represent H or a group selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, optionally fused to an aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle, alkaryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, OH, alkoxy, SH, NH₂, mono- or di-alkylamino, CN, COOH, ester, amide, CF₃, and/or optionally interrupted by one or more atoms selected from O, S, N, and P, or a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by one or more groups such as defined above, or R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a group ═O, ═S or a hydrocarbon ring or a heterocycle, R⁵ and R⁶, which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R, or R⁵ and R⁶ together form a C₂-C₄ hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by a hetero atom selected from O, S and N, R¹ and R^(1′), which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R³ or R⁴, p represents an integer from 2 to 10, provided that, when R¹ represents an alkyl group, and R³ and R⁴ represent a group R as defined above, R is necessarily substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, OH, alkoxy, SH, thioalkoxy, NH₂, mono- or di-alkylamino, CN, COOH, ester, amide, C_(n)F_(2n+1), and/or interrupted by one or more atoms selected from O, S, N, and P.
 19. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein R³ represents an electron-attracting group.
 20. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein R³ represents an alkyl group substituted by at least one fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine atom, or a cyano group.
 21. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom.
 22. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of: CF₃, CF₂CF₃, and C₆FI₃.
 23. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: CH(CH₃)(CO₂Et) CH(CH₃)(C₆H₅) CH(CO2Et)₂ C(CH₃)(CO₂Et)(S—C₆H₅) C(CH₃)₂(C₆H₅), and


24. (Amended) Compounds according to claim 18, wherein the compound of formula (IA) is selected from the group consisting of:


25. (Amended) A polymer comprising at least one compound of the general formulae IA to IC:

in which: R² and R^(2′), which may be identical or different, represent a group of the formula:

in which: R³ and R⁴, which may be identical or different, represent a halogen group, —NO₂, —SO₃R, —NCO, CN, R, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —COOR, O₂CR, —CONR₂, —NCOR₂, C_(n)F_((2n+1)) with n being from 1 to 20, in which the groups R, which may be identical or different, represent H or a group selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, optionally fused to an aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle alkaryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, which are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, OH, alkoxy, SH, thioalkoxy, NH₂, mono- or di-alkylamino, CN, COOH, ester, amide, C_(n)F_(2n+1), and/or optionally interrupted by one or more atoms selected from O, S, N, and P, or a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by one or more groups such as defined above, or R³ and R⁴, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a group ═O, ═S or a hydrocarbon ring or a heterocycle, R⁵ and R⁶, which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R, or R⁵ and R⁶ together form a C₂-C₄ hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by a hetero atom selected from O, S and N, R¹ and R^(1′), which may be identical or different, represent a group such as defined above for R³ or R⁴, p represents an integer from 2 to 10, for the controlled radical polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
 26. (Amended) Method for the preparation of compounds of the general formula IA according to claim 18, comprising the following steps: a) reacting a carbonyl compound of the general formula II:

R³ and R⁴ being as defined above, with a phosphite of the general formula III:

R⁵ and R⁶ being as defined above, to form a compound of the general formula IV:

R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ being as defined above, b) reacting the compound of formula IV with carbon disulphide CS₂ in the presence of a metal alcoholate M⁺OR′³¹ to yield a xanthate of formula V: R²O (C═S)—S⁻, M⁺  (V) in which R² is as defined above and M⁺ represents a cation; c) reacting the compound of formula V with a compound of formula VI: R¹X  (VI) in which R¹ is as defined above and X represents a halogen atom, to yield the compound of formula (IA). 